Two beautiful, incompatible theoriesĪt the end of the 1800s, physics was riding high. To understand why, we need to step back more than 100 years. Why would physicists, a seemingly sensible bunch, think this is the way the universe operates? These strings are truly tiny, many billions of times smaller than an individual proton within an atomic nucleus.Īnd they vibrate at countless billions of times per second in ten dimensions of space, or maybe eleven. String theory is the idea that everything in the universe, every particle of light and matter, is comprised of miniscule vibrating strings. But are they really fundamental? Have we truly reached the bottom? Over the last century, we've ripped atoms apart, eventually finding electrons and quarks, the fundamental building blocks of stuff. Our high-school physics tells us atoms, with 90 natural elements building the world around us. There is also a close cooperation with other research groups in The Netherlands via the joint Delta Institute for Theoretical Physics.What is the stuff in the universe made of?
The String Theory Group is jointly supported by the Institute for Theoretical Physics and the Korteweg-de Vries Institute for Mathematics of the Faculty of Science. The Amterdam String Theory Group is well-known for its important contributions to this fascinating subject. The power of a holographic duality lies in the fact that the regime where one of the two dual theories becomes unreliable is precisely the point the the other becomes reliable again, and vice versa. That is, each theory has its own range of applicability, outside of which the theoretical predictions become unreliable. Each theoretical description of a physical system has its limitations.
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The dual quantum field theory is `ordinary' in the sense that it doesn't involve gravity, which means that we know, at least conceptually, how to compute physical quantities. A holographic duality relates two vastly different theories it translates a (quantum) theory of gravity to an ordinary quantum field theory. The reason why we use the word `holography' is that one theory is defined in one dimension higher than the other, in the same way that a hologram is a three-dimensional image that is generated by a flat two-dimensional surface. Holography is an example of a duality, which is a relation between two different theories that turn out to describe the same physical system as though they were two different sides of the same coin.
Modern-day string theory focuses on a very broad range of subjects, many of which are in one way or another related to the concept of holography. In string theory all the forces and particles emerge in an elegant geometrical way, realizing Einstein's ultimate dream of building everything from the geometry of space-time. String theory answers fundamental questions about the symmetries of nature, the quantum behavior of black holes, the existence and breaking of supersymmetry, and the quantum treatment of singularities. String theory is the most promising theory that unifies all particles and forces in nature, including gravity, in a way consistent with the laws of quantum mechanics and relativity.
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